W-9 and 1099 Forms: What to Send, What to File, and Why It Goes Both Ways

Most freelancers only think about 1099 forms one direction: clients send them, you report the income. But there is a second direction that catches people off guard. When you hire subcontractors, you may be required to send 1099s too.

Both sides have deadlines and penalties. Here is the full picture.

Part 1: The W-9 You Submit to Clients

Form W-9 collects your legal name, business name, tax classification, and taxpayer ID. Clients use it to prepare your year-end 1099-NEC.

Clients can request a W-9 before any payment, even before the $600 threshold. If you refuse, they must withhold 24% of every payment and send it to the IRS. That is backup withholding, and it is miserable to undo.

Use an EIN instead of your SSN. Free to get at IRS.gov in minutes. This keeps your Social Security Number off documents circulating through multiple organizations.

Send W-9 forms securely. Use a file-sharing service or password-protected PDF. W-9 phishing scams are common. Always verify the request through a known contact before sending any document with your SSN.

Part 2: The 1099-NEC You Receive

Clients who paid you $600 or more during the calendar year must send a Form 1099-NEC by January 31. This form reports your compensation to both you and the IRS simultaneously.

No 1099 does not mean no reporting obligation. You must report all self-employment income whether or not a form arrives. Many small clients never file. That is their compliance problem, not your excuse.

1099 shows the wrong amount? Contact the issuer immediately. If you cannot get a correction, report your actual income on Schedule C regardless.

1099-K vs. 1099-NEC: Payment apps like Stripe, PayPal, and Venmo issue 1099-Ks for accounts receiving $600 or more in business payments. If a client pays through PayPal and also sends a 1099-NEC, report the actual income once. Do not double-count.

Part 3: The 1099s You May Need to File

If your business paid $600 or more to any individual or unincorporated entity for services, you must file a 1099-NEC and send a copy to the recipient by January 31.

This covers subcontractors, virtual assistants, independent editors, designers, developers, and unincorporated service providers of any kind.

Who is exempt: payments to C-corporations or S-corporations, and payments made via credit card, PayPal, Venmo, or any payment processor. The platform handles reporting on those. Cash, check, or ACH bank transfer means you file the 1099.

Collect W-9s before paying anyone. Do it before the first payment. Getting a W-9 after the project ends is difficult at best, impossible at worst.

Penalties for Missing the January 31 Deadline

When Filed	Penalty Per Form
Within 30 days of deadline	$60
After 30 days, by August 1	$120
After August 1 or not at all	$310
Intentional disregard	$630 minimum

These apply to both the recipient copy and the IRS copy. Miss both for one contractor and the penalty doubles.

Prevention is simple: collect W-9s before first payments, set a January reminder to review payments of $600 or more, file by January 31. Two hours once a year.

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Sources

• IRS Form W-9 Instructions - W-9 requirements and backup withholding
• IRS Form 1099-NEC Instructions - $600 threshold and filing deadlines
• IRS Publication 1281: Backup Withholding - 24% backup withholding rate and triggers
• IRS FIRE System - Electronic 1099 filing requirements (4+ forms)

1099-NEC deadline: January 31 to both recipient and IRS. Penalties: $60-$630 per form depending on when filed. Electronic filing required for 10+ information returns (reduced from 250 per Treas. Reg. § 301.6011-2).